@article{oai:asahi-u.repo.nii.ac.jp:02000020,
 author = {野上, 有紀子 and Nogami, Yukiko and 齊藤, 一誠 and Saitoh, Issei and 稲田, 絵美 and Inada, Emi and 村上, 大輔 and Murakami, Daisuke and 岩瀬, 陽子 and Iwase, Yoko and 窪田, 直子 and Kubota, Naoko and 中村, 由紀 and Nakamura, Yuki and 大島, 邦子 and Nakakura-Ohshima, Kuniko and Ohshima, Kuniko and 鈴木, 絢子 and Suzuki, Ayako and 山崎, 要一 and Yamasaki, Youichi and Hayasaki, Haruaki and 海原, 康孝 and Kaihara, Yasutaka},
 issue = {1},
 journal = {Clinical and Experimental Dental Research},
 month = {Feb},
 note = {Objectives: Weakening of lip-closing strength (LCS) associated with an incompetent lip seal (ILS) may affect the oral balance between the lip and tongue pressures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of lip-closing training in children with lower LCS and/or abnormal habits across different age groups and to compare its effects on increasing LCS in children with malocclusion and/or oral habits. Material and Methods: Lip-closing training was performed by 154 Japanese children aged 3–12 years using a specialized training device at home for 3 months. Children with oral habits and/or exhibiting less than standard LCS were included. LCS was measured using a digital strain force gauge at a dental clinic at the beginning (T0) and after each month (after 3 months: T3). Results: Children had higher LCS responses after lip-closing training. The first month of lip-closing training was more effective than the subsequent months. With lipclosing training, the LCS increased from an average of 6.2 N (T0) to 11.4 N (T3) in Group I, 7.9 N (T0) to 12.8 N (T3) in Group II, and 6.8 N to 11.4 N in Group III. Anterior cross bite, including reverse bite, open bite, and tongue thrusting, significantly reduced training effects. Conclusion: Our findings showed that lower LCS in children with ILS resulted in greater responses to lip-closing training in a short period, but oral dysfunction, such as abnormal habits, inhibited the positive effects of training. Our results suggest that
less detrimental effects of malocclusion and abnormal oral habits lip-closing training enhances LCS in younger children., Objectives: Weakening of lip-closing strength (LCS) associated with an incompetent lip seal (ILS) may affect the oral balance between the lip and tongue pressures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of lip-closing training in children with lower LCS and/or abnormal habits across different age groups and to compare its effects on increasing LCS in children with malocclusion and/or oral habits. Material and Methods: Lip-closing training was performed by 154 Japanese children aged 3–12 years using a specialized training device at home for 3 months. Children with oral habits and/or exhibiting less than standard LCS were included. LCS was measured using a digital strain force gauge at a dental clinic at the beginning (T0) and after each month (after 3 months: T3). Results: Children had higher LCS responses after lip-closing training. The first month of lip-closing training was more effective than the subsequent months. With lip-closing training, the LCS increased from an average of 6.2 N (T0) to 11.4 N (T3) in Group I, 7.9 N (T0) to 12.8 N (T3) in Group II, and 6.8 N to 11.4 N in Group III. Anterior cross bite, including reverse bite, open bite, and tongue thrusting, significantly reduced training effects. 
Conclusion: Our findings showed that lower LCS in children with ILS resulted in greater responses to lip-closing training in a short period, but oral dysfunction, such as abnormal habits, inhibited the positive effects of training. Our results suggest that less detrimental effects of malocclusion and abnormal oral habits lip-closing training enhances LCS in younger children.},
 pages = {209--216},
 title = {Lip-closing strength in children is enhanced by lip and facial muscle training},
 volume = {8},
 year = {2022}
}